Where's the Party?

In this work, I consider public opinion and political party alignments toward immigration and trade in the United States. Despite the rising number of immigrants and the expanding volume of trade in the past several decades, the public remains skeptical of both trends. Moreover, even as partisan divisions in Congress deepen, there is little evidence of polarization at the mass level. I explore these developments by first analyzing congressional votes on the issues since the Civil War. In particular, I note how party alignments have shifted, and that Republicans are now more likely to support free trade, while Democrats are more likely to support fewer restrictions on immigration. Next, I demonstrate that polarization has in fact increased in Congress in recent years, despite public opinion surveys showing that this change has not impacted mass level attitudes. Drawing on previous distinctions in the literature, I suggest that the multidimensional nature of the issues is a contributor to this mass-elite divergence. In general, Democrats seem to be more concerned with the economic dimension of immigration, while Republicans are more concerned with its cultural impact. Isolationist attitudes are a more relevant predictor of Republicans' preferences toward trade, but economic concerns are once again paramount for Democrats. Even though identifiers of both parties share similar views about the overall level of immigration and trade, they arrive at their preferences by somewhat different processes.