Negociantes e caixeiros na sociedade da Independência

"Summary of two mestrado theses examining early-19th-century Portuguese immigrants in Rio de Janeiro. Portuguese merchants quickly incorporated themselves into the new national elites after independence, a process they helped finance. Similarly, caixeiros, substituting in part for an absent national bourgeoisie, gained social and economic mobility by allying themselves with elites to repress lower-order demands"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 58.