Branded for life

Recommendations -- Methodology -- I. Background -- II. Do children belong in the adult criminal justice system? -- III. Rights put at risk by direct file -- IV. Relevant legal standards -- V. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix A. Human Rights Watch letter and survey -- Appendix B. Transfer rates for murder and property crimes for black and white youth -- Appendix C. 2011 direct file policies of the 4th Judicial Circuit.