Cosmology, Physics, and Philosophy
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Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy
Table of Contents
(The last two Volumes published FREE online)
VOLUME I [Out of print. May only be purchased online as hardcover used book]
Worldwide Acclaims ……………………………………...……… ii
SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….……………..…. xx
SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….………..... xxi
Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..……... xxii
Introduction …………..………………………..…………………. 2
1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified
Concepts in Physics and Philosophy …………………...….… 2
1.1.1 The problem of ordering ……………………...….… 3
1.1.2 How did it all start? ………………………………... 5
1.1.3 The first seven stages …………………………….... 7
1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era …………………….. 11
2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark . 11
2.2 The Withdrawal of Philosophy From Physics (and of
Physics From Philosophy) …………………………….…...… 13
2.3 The Greatest Ambition of Physics ……………………..…...... 16
2.3.1 Unification of initial-boundary conditions first?
Unification of fields second? …………………...….... 16
2.3.2 Should unification begin with
differential equations? …………………..…….…...… 17
2.4 The Great Physico-Philosophical Gains From
The Discovery of the Cosmic Background Radiation ……….. 19
2.5 The Expanding Universe ………………………….…….…... 22
2.6 The 1977 “Aether Drift” Discovery ……………..………....…. 23
2.7 Verification of Physical Laws by Astronomy and
Astrophysics ……………………………………….……….… 24
3.1 Some Tentative Assertions …...……………………..…...….. 26
3.2 The Skeptic’s Outlook .……………………...………..…...….. 69
PART I: Preliminary Concepts
1. From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures
To Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics ……...…….. 74
1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure ………………….…… 80
A fallacy associated with current theories ……………….........…. 80
1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………... 81
1.2 Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russel Central Diagram ……….. 88
1.3 Supernovae, Gravitational Collapse,
Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….. 92
1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and
Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………... 100
1.5 Black Holes …………………………………………….… 106
1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ….… 113
1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ………………… 116
1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………… 130
1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ……………. 132
1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space
By Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………………….. 134
2. From “Conservation” in Classical Physics
To Solitons in Particle Physics ………………………..…… 136
2.1 Aim and Scope …………………………………………... 138
2.2 Limitations of Theory …………………………………… 140
2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation …………………….. 142
2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………... 146
2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.………… 147
2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ………………. 149
2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and
Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields ……………. 152
2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy
Conservation Equation …………………………………… 154
2.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….. 156
2.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field ……………….. 157
2.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 159
2.12 Beyond Classical Physics:
Solitons, Antisolitons and Conservation …………………. 160
2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation
Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) …… 163
3. From General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology
To Gauge Theories …………………………..……………….. 166
3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………….... 167
3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ……….….. 169
3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation ………. 172
3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and
Relativistic Cosmology ………………...……….…………… 181
3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe
And “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….… 200
3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the
Principle Of Equivalence ………………………….………… 204
3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………… 205
PART II: From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads
and Back
4. The Arrows of Time ……………………………….…..….…... 214
4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time:
The Most Distorted Of All Ideas? ………………………….. 215
4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and
The Unification of The Laws of Physics …………………… 216
4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ……………………………… 217
4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ……… 219
4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….. 222
4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………. 226
4.7 Causation and Determinism in
Relativistic Theories ………………………………………… 227
4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time …………. 230
4.9 A Few Remarks ……………………………………...…….. 232
4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….… 236
4.11 Microscopic Time Asymmetries
in “Elementary Particles” ………………………….……….. 240
4.12 The Death of Scale-Based Physics ……………….………… 242
4.13 The “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical
School and “Superspace” ………………………………….. 243
4.14 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….……… 246
4.15 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics … 247
4.16 Fading Memory in Classical Physics ……………………….. 247
4.17 Doubts As To The Universality of Entropy ………………… 249
4.18 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…. 250
5. The Crisis In Quantum Physics ………………………….…… 254
5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……. 255
5.1.1 The effect of gravitation and the outside
world on quantum physics …………………………..…. 258
5.1.2 The three main schools of thought ………………….… 261
5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………….. 262
5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics …………………………….…. 265
5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………….…. 265
5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical
Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time
Asymmetries ……………………………………………….… 267
5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics
And Super-Symmetry ………………………………………... 272
5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics …….. 272
5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to
Quantum Chromodynamics …………………………... 273
5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles;
and vice versa …………………………………... 273
5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic
and SU(3) symmetries ………………………..… 274
5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge
theories ……………………………………….... 276
5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom
in gauge theories ……………………………. 276-1
5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry
principles …………………………………… 276-1
5.6.3 From Quantum Field Theories to Super-Symmetry
Super-Gravity …………………………………….… 276-3
5.6.3.1 On the limits of super-gravity
‘unified field theories’ ………………………... 276-4
PART III: From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads
and Back
6. Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy ………………………. 277
6.1 Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ………… 277
6.1.1 Methodology ……………………………………. 277
Dialectical gravitism: Definition of the
first problems …………………………………… 278
6.1.3 Gravitation as super-asymmetry ……………….. 279
6.2 The Earliest and Most Universal Asymmetry:
Observational Evidence …………………..………...….. 279
6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …...… 282
6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence ……. 284
6.4 Can Intercluster Space Be Saturated With Radiation? … 287
6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry
From Gravitation Theories ………………………...…. 290
6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational
Cosmological Thermodynamics …………………...…. 293
6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ………..…. 297
6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ……………………..…… 299
6.9 Connections With Classical and Continuum
Thermodynamics …………………………………..…. 301
6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility
And the Master Asymmetry …………………….....….. 303
7. Cosmological Origin of Time and Evolution …………….… 308
7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept ………………….. 309
7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ………………………. 310
7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s
Laws of Motion …………………………………..…. 314
7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .…… 316
7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into
Un-Saturable Space ………………………………… 322
7.6 Stellar Evolution ……………………………………. 324
7.7 Terrestrial Evolution ………………………………... 325
7.8 Some Open Questions ……………………………… 326
7.8.1 Microscopic T-Violation and the Master
Asymmetry: A possible Connection? ………..… 327
8. Black Holes and the Unification of Asymmetries ……… 329
8.1 Introduction ……………………………………….. 330
8.2 Observational Evidence …………………………… 331
8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………. 332
8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ……………… 340
8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………. 341
8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………... 341
8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………... 341
PART IV: Beyond Present Knowledge
9. Havahyism – The Science of The Whole …………..…… 348
9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers ……………….. 349
9.2 An Example in Havahyism ……………………..…. 350
9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures
and Memory ……………………………………..…. 365
9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…. 415
VOLUME II [Out of print. May only be purchased as hardcover used book]
Critique of Western Thought
Introduction ………………………………………………….... 420
10. A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind
and Symmetry ………………………………………..… 437
11. The Philosophy of Time & Change:
Some Historical Notions …………………….………… 455
12. Structuralism and the Divided American Thought:
A Short Glossary of Terms …………………………….. 467
13. Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………. 483
14. Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing
Quotations ………………………………………………. 495
15. Critique of Western Methodology …………………….. 530
VOLUME III
ONLINE DRAFT PUBLISHED on
Dec. 15, 2007 by Benjamin Gal-Or [Photon03, SCRIBD]
1. Introduction ………………………………………..…………… 11
2. From Cosmology to the Foundations of Physics ………..…….. 29
3. Gravity-Induced Brain-Mind Perception Vs. Everyday Life …44
4. How Did It All Start? …………………………………………… 55
5. ‘Gravitational Selection’ Vs. 'Natural Selection' ……….……... 64
6. Condensed World History …………………………………...… 69
7. The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………………….….. 94
8. Beyond Present Knowledge …………………………………… 100
9. CCCC Homework …………………………………………….. 103
References and Further Reading …………………..…………... 122
Table of Contents
(The last two Volumes published FREE online)
VOLUME I [Out of print. May only be purchased online as hardcover used book]
Worldwide Acclaims ……………………………………...……… ii
SIR KARL POPPER, Foreword ……………….……………..…. xx
SIR ALAN COTTRELL, Foreword ………………….………..... xxi
Preface ……………………………………..….……….…..……... xxii
Introduction …………..………………………..…………………. 2
1.1 The Revival of Relativistic Cosmology vs. Modified
Concepts in Physics and Philosophy …………………...….… 2
1.1.1 The problem of ordering ……………………...….… 3
1.1.2 How did it all start? ………………………………... 5
1.1.3 The first seven stages …………………………….... 7
1.1.4 The present matter-dominated era …………………….. 11
2.1 The Einsteinian Methodology: A Preliminary Remark . 11
2.2 The Withdrawal of Philosophy From Physics (and of
Physics From Philosophy) …………………………….…...… 13
2.3 The Greatest Ambition of Physics ……………………..…...... 16
2.3.1 Unification of initial-boundary conditions first?
Unification of fields second? …………………...….... 16
2.3.2 Should unification begin with
differential equations? …………………..…….…...… 17
2.4 The Great Physico-Philosophical Gains From
The Discovery of the Cosmic Background Radiation ……….. 19
2.5 The Expanding Universe ………………………….…….…... 22
2.6 The 1977 “Aether Drift” Discovery ……………..………....…. 23
2.7 Verification of Physical Laws by Astronomy and
Astrophysics ……………………………………….……….… 24
3.1 Some Tentative Assertions …...……………………..…...….. 26
3.2 The Skeptic’s Outlook .……………………...………..…...….. 69
PART I: Preliminary Concepts
1. From Terrestrial Gravitational Structures
To Black Holes and Neutrinos in Astrophysics ……...…….. 74
1.1 Gravitation, Asymmetry and Structure ………………….…… 80
A fallacy associated with current theories ……………….........…. 80
1.1.2 Gravity-induced sedimentary structures …………... 81
1.2 Stars and the Hertzsprung-Russel Central Diagram ……….. 88
1.3 Supernovae, Gravitational Collapse,
Neutron Stars, Pulsars …………………………………….. 92
1.4 X-Ray Astronomy, Binary X-Ray Systems, and
Gravitational Clocks ……………………………………... 100
1.5 Black Holes …………………………………………….… 106
1.6 Gas, Dust and the Formation of Stars in Our Galaxy ….… 113
1.7 How Are Cosmic Distances Measured? ………………… 116
1.8 Neutrino Astronomy and Astrophysics ………………… 130
1.9 The Emergence of Gamma-Ray Astronomy ……………. 132
1.10 Exploration of Extra-Solar Space
By Unmanned Spacecraft ……………………………….. 134
2. From “Conservation” in Classical Physics
To Solitons in Particle Physics ………………………..…… 136
2.1 Aim and Scope …………………………………………... 138
2.2 Limitations of Theory …………………………………… 140
2.3 The General Macroscopic Equation …………………….. 142
2.4 Continuity Equation (Total Mass Conservation) ………... 146
2.5 Conservation of Linear Momentum and Gravity.………… 147
2.6 The Navier-Stokes Equations and Gravity ………………. 149
2.7 Kinetic-Energy Equation and
Dissipation Function in Gravitational Fields ……………. 152
2.8 First Law of Thermodynamics or Energy
Conservation Equation …………………………………… 154
2.9 First Law and Enthalpy ………………………………….. 156
2.10 First Law In Terms of Temperature Field ……………….. 157
2.11 Entropy Balance Equation ……………………………….. 159
2.12 Beyond Classical Physics:
Solitons, Antisolitons and Conservation …………………. 160
2.13 Neutrinos and the Powerful Role Conservation
Equations Play in Subatomic Processes (Addendum) …… 163
3. From General Relativity and Relativistic Cosmology
To Gauge Theories …………………………..……………….. 166
3.1 Introduction ……………………………………………….... 167
3.1.1 Einstein’s field equations in general relativity ……….….. 169
3.1.2 Confirmation of Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation ………. 172
3.2 Principles and Formulations of General Relativity and
Relativistic Cosmology ………………...……….…………… 181
3.3 Observations, The “Age” of the Universe
And “Equivalent Local Cells” …………………….……….… 200
3.4 Timekeeping, Accelerated Observers and the
Principle Of Equivalence ………………………….………… 204
3.5 From General Relativity to Unified Field Theories ………… 205
PART II: From Physics to Philosophical Crossroads
and Back
4. The Arrows of Time ……………………………….…..….…... 214
4.1 Time and The Arrow of Time:
The Most Distorted Of All Ideas? ………………………….. 215
4.2 Asymmetry-Symmetry-Space-Time and
The Unification of The Laws of Physics …………………… 216
4.3 Methodology, Aim and Scope ……………………………… 217
4.4 Confusing Concepts of Time and Time Asymmetries ……… 219
4.5 The Entropic Arrow of Time ……………………………….. 222
4.6 Causality, Causation and Time Asymmetries ………………. 226
4.7 Causation and Determinism in
Relativistic Theories ………………………………………… 227
4.8 Cosmological Arrows of Time and Cosmic Time …………. 230
4.9 A Few Remarks ……………………………………...…….. 232
4.10 Time-Reversal Invariance and Irreversibility …………….… 236
4.11 Microscopic Time Asymmetries
in “Elementary Particles” ………………………….……….. 240
4.12 The Death of Scale-Based Physics ……………….………… 242
4.13 The “Dual” Quantum-Geometrodynamical
School and “Superspace” ………………………………….. 243
4.14 Tachyons and Causal Violations …………………….……… 246
4.15 Macrocausality and Microcausality in Quantum Mechanics … 247
4.16 Fading Memory in Classical Physics ……………………….. 247
4.17 Doubts As To The Universality of Entropy ………………… 249
4.18 Entropy-Free Thermodynamic Arrows of Time ………….…. 250
5. The Crisis In Quantum Physics ………………………….…… 254
5.1 Preliminary Review …………………………………….……. 255
5.1.1 The effect of gravitation and the outside
world on quantum physics …………………………..…. 258
5.1.2 The three main schools of thought ………………….… 261
5.2 Einstein’s Objections to the Uncertainty Principle ………….. 262
5.3 The Heresy of a Few Skeptics …………………………….…. 265
5.4 Mythologized Concepts of Quantum Physics …………….…. 265
5.5 The Failure of Classical and Quantal Statistical
Mechanics to Deduce Irreversibility and Time
Asymmetries ……………………………………………….… 267
5.6 The Emergence of Quantum Chromodynamics
And Super-Symmetry ………………………………………... 272
5.6.1 Spatio-Temporal Approach to Quantum Physics …….. 272
5.6.2 From Weinberg-Salam Theory to
Quantum Chromodynamics …………………………... 273
5.6.2.1 Conservation laws as symmetry principles;
and vice versa …………………………………... 273
5.6.2.2 Global, exact, approximate, isotopic
and SU(3) symmetries ………………………..… 274
5.6.2.3 From SU(3) to renormalizable gauge
theories ……………………………………….... 276
5.6.2.4 Quark confinement asymptotic freedom
in gauge theories ……………………………. 276-1
5.6.2.5 QCD and the search for higher symmetry
principles …………………………………… 276-1
5.6.3 From Quantum Field Theories to Super-Symmetry
Super-Gravity …………………………………….… 276-3
5.6.3.1 On the limits of super-gravity
‘unified field theories’ ………………………... 276-4
PART III: From Physics to Cosmological Crossroads
and Back
6. Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy ………………………. 277
6.1 Reduction of Thermodynamics to Gravitation ………… 277
6.1.1 Methodology ……………………………………. 277
Dialectical gravitism: Definition of the
first problems …………………………………… 278
6.1.3 Gravitation as super-asymmetry ……………….. 279
6.2 The Earliest and Most Universal Asymmetry:
Observational Evidence …………………..………...….. 279
6.2.1 Which space expands and which does not? …...… 282
6.3 Gravitation-Asymmetry Principle of Equivalence ……. 284
6.4 Can Intercluster Space Be Saturated With Radiation? … 287
6.5 Derivation of the Master Asymmetry
From Gravitation Theories ………………………...…. 290
6.6 Irreversibility in the New Gravitational
Cosmological Thermodynamics …………………...…. 293
6.7 Origin of Dissipation in Newtonian Fluids ………..…. 297
6.8 Terrestrial Thermodynamics ……………………..…… 299
6.9 Connections With Classical and Continuum
Thermodynamics …………………………………..…. 301
6.10 Electromagnetic Irreversibility
And the Master Asymmetry …………………….....….. 303
7. Cosmological Origin of Time and Evolution …………….… 308
7.1 Time: The All-Embracing Concept ………………….. 309
7.2 Cosmological Origin of Time ………………………. 310
7.3 Cosmological Interpretations of Newton’s
Laws of Motion …………………………………..…. 314
7.4 Gravitational Origin of Structure and Evolution .…… 316
7.5 Gravitation and the Outflow of Energy Into
Un-Saturable Space ………………………………… 322
7.6 Stellar Evolution ……………………………………. 324
7.7 Terrestrial Evolution ………………………………... 325
7.8 Some Open Questions ……………………………… 326
7.8.1 Microscopic T-Violation and the Master
Asymmetry: A possible Connection? ………..… 327
8. Black Holes and the Unification of Asymmetries ……… 329
8.1 Introduction ……………………………………….. 330
8.2 Observational Evidence …………………………… 331
8.3 Schwarzschild Solution and Black Holes …………. 332
8.4 Black Holes Mechanics and Entropy ……………… 340
8.5 Can Black Holes “Evaporate”? ……………………. 341
8.6 Primordial Black Holes? …………………………... 341
8.7 Back to the Melting Pot of Unification? …………... 341
PART IV: Beyond Present Knowledge
9. Havahyism – The Science of The Whole …………..…… 348
9.1 The Futile Quest for Final Answers ……………….. 349
9.2 An Example in Havahyism ……………………..…. 350
9.3 From Cosmology to Irreversible Structures
and Memory ……………………………………..…. 365
9.4 The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………..…. 415
VOLUME II [Out of print. May only be purchased as hardcover used book]
Critique of Western Thought
Introduction ………………………………………………….... 420
10. A Few Historical Remarks on Time, Mind
and Symmetry ………………………………………..… 437
11. The Philosophy of Time & Change:
Some Historical Notions …………………….………… 455
12. Structuralism and the Divided American Thought:
A Short Glossary of Terms …………………………….. 467
13. Policy and Publicity: A Critique ………………………. 483
14. Thought-Provoking and Thought-Depressing
Quotations ………………………………………………. 495
15. Critique of Western Methodology …………………….. 530
VOLUME III
ONLINE DRAFT PUBLISHED on
Dec. 15, 2007 by Benjamin Gal-Or [Photon03, SCRIBD]
1. Introduction ………………………………………..…………… 11
2. From Cosmology to the Foundations of Physics ………..…….. 29
3. Gravity-Induced Brain-Mind Perception Vs. Everyday Life …44
4. How Did It All Start? …………………………………………… 55
5. ‘Gravitational Selection’ Vs. 'Natural Selection' ……….……... 64
6. Condensed World History …………………………………...… 69
7. The Skeptic Outlook ……………………………………….….. 94
8. Beyond Present Knowledge …………………………………… 100
9. CCCC Homework …………………………………………….. 103
References and Further Reading …………………..…………... 122
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