An introduction to electronics
1.3 hrs read
Rate this book:
About This Book
#Pages 2 and 3 of chapter 1 of this pdf book are missing!!!
Book starts off well but without the missing pages the rest of the material is incomprehensible.
I can see that although the characters from page two show through the paper on page one the next two pages were not scanned and therefore the page numbering jumps from page one to page four.
The individual that scanned this book needs to go for retraining before being trusted to scan any more books.
Found the 2 missing pages so I'm adding them here:
_____________________________________________________
2 THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER
pressed between the anode and the cathode (for comparison, the
voltage between the wires of an ordinary house circuit is about
115 volts), a small part of the cathode ray passes through the tube
in a concentrated line of light and produces a luminous spot on a
fluorescent screen at the end. This type of cathode-ray tube is
used in the modern television receiver and is discussed in another
chapter.
When the concentrated cathode ray is made to impinge upon
one side of a small windmill placed in the tube, the windmill rotates
and shows that the ray contains a moving substance, possessing
mass, which was emitted by the cathode. A magnet placed near
the tube causes the ray to be deflected in the same direction as that
of an electric current flowing from the anode to the cathode. Since
the direction of an electric current is always assumed to be the same
as the flow of positive charges through a circuit, any substance de-
flected by a magnet in the same manner but flowing in the opposite
direction must consist of negative charges of electricity.
Discovery of the Electron
Various experiments show that the moving substance consists of
discrete particles moving from the cathode to the anode (and be-
yond if the anode is perforated) and when the voltage is very high
at a velocity as high as 62,000 miles per second (one third of the
velocity of light), each particle bearing a negative electric charge
of 4.80 x 10^(-10) statcoulomb. A statcoulomb is a charge of elec-
tricity which, if placed at a distance of 1 centimeter from another
charge of electricity of the same magnitude and sign, and both
concentrated at a point, would repel it with a force of 1 dyne. If
the reader is not conversant with the relative magnitude of metric
and British units of measurement, a comprehensive table of con-
version factors will be found on page 94. The notation 10^(-10), as
explained in the Preface, means 1 divided by 10) multiplied by
itself 10 times; in this case, meaning one ten-billionth.
The mass of these particles has been measured and found to be
9.04 x 10^(-28) gram at rest. The mass increases with the velocity
and becomes infinite at the velocity of light. A particle bearing
the above negative charge of electricity and with the stated mass is
called an "electron." Its diameter is indefinite but is probably
about 10^(-13) centimeter.
_____________________________________________________
THE HYDROGEN ATOM 3
Discovery of the Proton
From the above observations we may conclude that, among
other things, matter contains minute negative charges of electricity
of definite mass but increasing with velocity. In the cathode ray
we do not see the moving electrons but the consequence of their
interrupted motion when they collide with molecules of gas or
water vapor which thereupon radiate light.
Since matter in general is not electrically charged and we may
draw negative charges from any neutral body, it is evident that all
matter must contain compensating positive charges of equal number
and strength as the negative charges. If we drill a hole in the
cathode of a cathode-ray tube and provide another evacuated space
at the exterior opening of this hole we see another ray in this space,
called a " canal ray." Deflection of this ray by a magnet shows that
it contains slow—speed positive particles, the smallest of which car-
ries a charge of 4.80 x 10^(-10) stateoulomb like that of the electron.
Its mass, however, is 1838 times that of the electron and its diameter
is about 10^(-16) centimeter. This positively charged and denser par-
ticle is called a "proton." It has a mass of 1.66 x 10^(-24) gram and
a density over a million million times that of the electron.
The Hydrogen Atom
We have known for some time from chemical sources that the
lightest atom among the elements is hydrogen with a mass of
1.66 X 10^(-24) gram. Since this is almost precisely the mass of a
proton (it would require more significant figures beyond the 1.66
to show the slight difference), it must be concluded that a hydrogen
atom contains one proton and one electron. Although the com-
posite hydrogen atom is usually neutral (without charge) we may
always pull the electron out of it so it must be assumed that each
charge maintains its identity. We know that aggregate positive
and negative charges are pulled together with a force equal to their
product divided by the square of the distance between them. What
then prevents the proton and the electron from plunging together
in the hydrogen atom?
It was first suggested that the electron must revolve about the
proton as shown in Fig. 3, at such a distance and velocity that the
outward centrifugal force associated with such revolution will equal
_____________________________________________________
Book starts off well but without the missing pages the rest of the material is incomprehensible.
I can see that although the characters from page two show through the paper on page one the next two pages were not scanned and therefore the page numbering jumps from page one to page four.
The individual that scanned this book needs to go for retraining before being trusted to scan any more books.
Found the 2 missing pages so I'm adding them here:
_____________________________________________________
2 THE CONSTITUTION OF MATTER
pressed between the anode and the cathode (for comparison, the
voltage between the wires of an ordinary house circuit is about
115 volts), a small part of the cathode ray passes through the tube
in a concentrated line of light and produces a luminous spot on a
fluorescent screen at the end. This type of cathode-ray tube is
used in the modern television receiver and is discussed in another
chapter.
When the concentrated cathode ray is made to impinge upon
one side of a small windmill placed in the tube, the windmill rotates
and shows that the ray contains a moving substance, possessing
mass, which was emitted by the cathode. A magnet placed near
the tube causes the ray to be deflected in the same direction as that
of an electric current flowing from the anode to the cathode. Since
the direction of an electric current is always assumed to be the same
as the flow of positive charges through a circuit, any substance de-
flected by a magnet in the same manner but flowing in the opposite
direction must consist of negative charges of electricity.
Discovery of the Electron
Various experiments show that the moving substance consists of
discrete particles moving from the cathode to the anode (and be-
yond if the anode is perforated) and when the voltage is very high
at a velocity as high as 62,000 miles per second (one third of the
velocity of light), each particle bearing a negative electric charge
of 4.80 x 10^(-10) statcoulomb. A statcoulomb is a charge of elec-
tricity which, if placed at a distance of 1 centimeter from another
charge of electricity of the same magnitude and sign, and both
concentrated at a point, would repel it with a force of 1 dyne. If
the reader is not conversant with the relative magnitude of metric
and British units of measurement, a comprehensive table of con-
version factors will be found on page 94. The notation 10^(-10), as
explained in the Preface, means 1 divided by 10) multiplied by
itself 10 times; in this case, meaning one ten-billionth.
The mass of these particles has been measured and found to be
9.04 x 10^(-28) gram at rest. The mass increases with the velocity
and becomes infinite at the velocity of light. A particle bearing
the above negative charge of electricity and with the stated mass is
called an "electron." Its diameter is indefinite but is probably
about 10^(-13) centimeter.
_____________________________________________________
THE HYDROGEN ATOM 3
Discovery of the Proton
From the above observations we may conclude that, among
other things, matter contains minute negative charges of electricity
of definite mass but increasing with velocity. In the cathode ray
we do not see the moving electrons but the consequence of their
interrupted motion when they collide with molecules of gas or
water vapor which thereupon radiate light.
Since matter in general is not electrically charged and we may
draw negative charges from any neutral body, it is evident that all
matter must contain compensating positive charges of equal number
and strength as the negative charges. If we drill a hole in the
cathode of a cathode-ray tube and provide another evacuated space
at the exterior opening of this hole we see another ray in this space,
called a " canal ray." Deflection of this ray by a magnet shows that
it contains slow—speed positive particles, the smallest of which car-
ries a charge of 4.80 x 10^(-10) stateoulomb like that of the electron.
Its mass, however, is 1838 times that of the electron and its diameter
is about 10^(-16) centimeter. This positively charged and denser par-
ticle is called a "proton." It has a mass of 1.66 x 10^(-24) gram and
a density over a million million times that of the electron.
The Hydrogen Atom
We have known for some time from chemical sources that the
lightest atom among the elements is hydrogen with a mass of
1.66 X 10^(-24) gram. Since this is almost precisely the mass of a
proton (it would require more significant figures beyond the 1.66
to show the slight difference), it must be concluded that a hydrogen
atom contains one proton and one electron. Although the com-
posite hydrogen atom is usually neutral (without charge) we may
always pull the electron out of it so it must be assumed that each
charge maintains its identity. We know that aggregate positive
and negative charges are pulled together with a force equal to their
product divided by the square of the distance between them. What
then prevents the proton and the electron from plunging together
in the hydrogen atom?
It was first suggested that the electron must revolve about the
proton as shown in Fig. 3, at such a distance and velocity that the
outward centrifugal force associated with such revolution will equal
_____________________________________________________
Buy This Book
As an Amazon Associate and Bookshop.org affiliate, BookOrb earns from qualifying purchases.
Write a Review
Sign in to write a review.