The pale cast of thought

This book focuses on specific moments of decision-making in the epic poems of Ariosto, Tasso, Spenser, and Milton. In each of the poems, the hero must ultimately confront the choice of Aeneas at the end of the Aeneid - either to kill or to stay his hand. These later epic poems contain reflective heroes who resist the impulses of traditional martial heroism.

As they deliberate, the progress of the narrative is suspended, and elements of comedy, lyric, picaresque, and romance threaten to fragment authority of the epic genre. Each of these moments reveals a particularly rich locus for observing the movement of the epic toward the novel.